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Porterfield, Amanda (1992). Female Piety in Puritan New England the Emergence of Religious Humanism. New York: Oxford University Press.
Philip Nye (minister) was the key adviser to Oliver Cromwell on matters of religion and regulation of the Church. Some Puritans favored a presbyterian form of church organization; others, more radical, began to claim autonomy for individual congregations. Still, others were content to remain within the structure of the national church but set themselves against Catholic and episcopal authority.Puritans held that there was nothing more important in life than one's religious belief which dictated how one comported one's self in this world.
Watras, Joseph (2008). "Education and Evangelism in the English Colonies". American Educational History Journal. 35 (1): 205–219. ISSN 1535-0584.
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The Puritans in the Colonies wanted their children to be able to read and interpret the Bible themselves, rather than have to rely on the clergy for interpretation. [39] [40] [41] [42] In 1635, they established the Boston Latin School to educate their sons, the first and oldest formal education institution in the English speaking New World. They also set up what were called dame schools for their daughters, and in other cases taught their daughters at home how to read. As a result, Puritans were among the most literate societies in the world. By the time of the American Revolution there were 40 newspapers in the United States (at a time when there were only two cities—New York and Philadelphia—with as many as 20,000 people in them). [42] [43] [44] [45] The Puritans also set up a college ( Harvard University) only six years after arriving in Boston. [42] [46] Beliefs [ edit ] Calvinism [ edit ] Part of a series on Puritans were dissatisfied with the limited extent of the English Reformation and with the Church of England's toleration of certain practices associated with the Roman Catholic Church. They formed and identified with various religious groups advocating greater purity of worship and doctrine, as well as personal and corporate piety. Puritans adopted a covenant theology, and in that sense they were Calvinists (as were many of their earlier opponents). In church polity, some advocated separation from all other established Christian denominations in favour of autonomous gathered churches. These Separatist and Independent strands of Puritanism became prominent in the 1640s, when the supporters of a presbyterian polity in the Westminster Assembly were unable to forge a new English national church.
The 1653 Instrument of Government guaranteed that in matters of religion "none shall be compelled by penalties or otherwise, but endeavours be used to win them by sound Doctrine and the Example of a good conversation". Religious freedom was given to "all who profess Faith in God by Jesus Christ". [140] However, Catholics and some others were excluded. No one was executed for their religion during the Protectorate. [140] In London, those attending Catholic mass or Anglican holy communion were occasionally arrested but released without charge. Many unofficial Protestant congregations, such as Baptist churches, were permitted to meet. [141] Quakers were allowed to publish freely and hold meetings. They were, however, arrested for disrupting parish church services and organising tithe-strikes against the state church. [142] Quaker Mary Dyer led to execution on Boston Common, 1 June 1660, by an unknown 19th century artist Indian historians position Akbar as the exemplar of a just and tolerant Muslim leader, with popular films like Jodha Akbar even celebrating the love between the Emperor and his Hindu wife. In contrast, Aurangzeb is blamed for his supposed cruelty against non-Muslims, his influences on modern day jihadis , and his role in the collapse of the Mughal empire which set the stage for British colonial rule.
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The Puritan movement in England was riven over decades by emigration and inconsistent interpretations of Scripture, as well as some political differences that surfaced at that time. The Fifth Monarchy Men, a radical millenarian wing of Puritanism, aided by strident, popular clergy like Vavasor Powell, agitated from the right wing of the movement, even as sectarian groups like the Ranters, Levellers, and Quakers pulled from the left. [26] [27] The fragmentation created a collapse of the centre and, ultimately, sealed a political failure, while depositing an enduring spiritual legacy that would remain and grow in English-speaking Christianity. [28] According to Ali, in Pakistani educational curricula, Akbar is not mentioned directly but indirectly as a rival of Ahmad Sirhandi, a Sufi scholar. Ali quotes one Pakistani textbook that states, “Ahmad Sirhandi, a great Muslim saint and scholar who challenged the might of Akbar to revive and re-establish the glory of Islam in the subcontinent.”
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